Dai ni na aten na hpaga lam hta, grau nna mawdaw, nbungli, hte high-end electronics sector ni hta, ninghkap ai lam .shara htu ain mai malap ai shanglawm ai lam langai rai nga ai. Ndai weld ni a quality gaw, product shimlum lam hte ngang grin ai lam a matu madung rai nga ai, ndai quality a madung hta weld nugget shang wa ai lam nga ai. Ndai metric-hpyen n-gun rawng ai "nugget" gaw npawt nhpang arung arai ni kata de kade daram sung ai hku shang wa ai hpe-dai gaw, n-gun langai a n-gun hpe madun ai ahkyak dik htum masat kumla langai sha rai nga ai.
Anhte a jak rung & arung arai ni
Dai majaw, ndai ahkyak ai parameter hpe gara hku nna hkrak hkrak, hkrak hkra shadawn lu na kun? Ndai laika buk gaw, lawan ai shop-floor check kaw nna, hkrak tup laboratory sawk sagawn ai du hkra, core ladat ni hpe hkrang shapraw ai hku garan kachyan ya ai. Madung hpaga lam madang ni hte tatut jai lang mai ai hpaji jaw ga ni hpe hpawng de nna, na a hkamja lam hpe n-gun jaw ai bungli ni a matu ngang kang ai hte kam mai ai quality control system hpe gawgap lu na matu karum ya na re.
N jahten kau ai chyam dinglik ai lam (NDT) - Daw hpe n jahten kau ai sha hpaji rawng ai hku jep chyoi ai lam
Nondestructive Testing (NDT) a madung akyu gaw, weld a hkam kaja lam hpe n jahten kau ai sha, jep joi lu ai atsam rai nga ai. Ndai lam gaw, n-gun kaba ai galaw shapraw ai lam hta, in-process hpe yu reng ai lam hte quality hpe jep joi ai lam ni a matu kaja dik htum byin shangun nna, dai ni na aten na, manu jahpu-htuk manu ai galaw shapraw ai lam a npawt nhpang langai hku nna magam gun nga ai.
Ultrasonic chyam dinglik ai lam (UT): Hpaga lam galaw ai ladat a matu "Tengman ai-Aten Tengman ai Stethoscope"
- Gara hku galaw ai:Ndai ladat gaw, spot weld hku nna, nsen kaba hpe -sha dat na matu, transducer hpe lang ai. Ndai hka leng ni gaw weld nugget a jut, kata na n-gun n rawng ai shara, shing nrai, n-gun n rawng ai shara - zawn re ai lamu ga jarit- hte hkrum katut ai shaloi shanhte gaw bai nhtang wa ai. Ndai echo ni a aten hte amplitude hpe sawk sagawn ai hku nna, dai system gaw nugget a diameter hte shang wa ai lam hpe hkrak hkrak sawn la lu nna, law law lang weld a shingran hpe asan sha mu lu ai sumla hpe shapraw lu ai.
- Madung Akyu ni:UT gaw grai lawan ai (weld langai hta second langai npu hta) hte automation galaw na matu grai htuk manu ai majaw, 100% in-line jep joi ai lam hta ningbaw ningla hpaji masa rai nga ai. Hpaga lam hte seng ai jahpan ni hku yu yang, rawt jat galu kaba wa ai Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) ladat ni gaw 0.5 mm hta grau kaba ai kata lam n kaja ai lam ni hpe 98% jan mu lu ai.
- Tatut jai lang mai ai hpaji jaw ga:
- Calibration gaw ahkyak ai:Na a shadawn shadang ni hpe tsep kawp hkrak hkra galaw lu na matu, chye da ai shadawn shadang hte n kaja ai lam ni lawm ai reference block ni hpe lang nna UT jak ni hpe ayan shadawn shadang galaw u.
- Operator sharin hpawng:Automated grai law ai raitim, operator ni gaw, grau nna n bung ai arung arai ni (sh) multi-layer stacks ni hpe hparan ai shaloi, yak hkak ai acoustic data ni hpe hkrak hkrak lachyum shapraw lu na matu, hpaji ninghkring ni a sharin hkam la ai lam naw ra nga ai.
- Couplant gaw ahkyak ai:Couplant (ga shadawn, hka, gel) hpe hkrak lang ai gaw, nsen n-gun ni hpe bungli galaw ai shara de hkrak hkrak shalai ya lu na matu ahkyak nga ai.
Radiographic chyam dinglik ai lam (RT): Kata na hkrang masa ni a matu "X-Ray shingran"
- Gara hku galaw ai:Tsi hpaji hte seng ai X-ray hte maren, ndai ladat gaw X-rays (sh) gamma rays ni hpe lang nna, weld galaw da ai shara hku lai wa nna, digital detector (sh) film ntsa kaw sumla langai mi hpe galaw ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, weld nugget, cracks, voids ni gaw density n bung ai majaw, shanhte gaw gray nsam amyu myu hku nna dan dawng wa nna, kata na hkrang hpe asan sha mu lu ai.
- Madung Akyu ni:RT gaw weld a kata lam hpe shingdaw n lu ai hkrang sumla hpe jaw ya ai majaw, porosity hte inclusions zawn re ai volumetric n kaja ai lam ni hpe chye ginhka lu na matu grai kaja ai. Nbungli hte Nuclear n-gun zawn re ai shimlam-ahkyak ai bungli ni hta hkan sa ra ai jep joi ladat langai rai nga ai.
- Shadawn sharam ai lam ni:Ndai jak ni hpe mari na matu hte galaw na matu manu dan ai, chyam dinglik ai aten ni gaw n-gun n law ai, makawp maga da ai, radiation-hkap la ai shara hta bungli galaw ai masat da ai masha ni ra ai. Dai majaw, kaba ai-hpaga lam hpe jep joi ai lam a matu n mai byin ai.
Hten za ai chyam dinglik ai lam - Hkum tsup ai hkrak ai lam a matu "Ja Madang"
Dai daw hpe sak jaw ra ai raitim, jahten sharun ai chyam dinglik ai lam gaw quality hpe hkang zing ai ladat yawng a matu jahtum na masat dingsat rai nga ai. Ladat nnan ni hpe jep joi ai lam, NDT jak ni hpe shadawn shadang masat ai lam, quality hte seng ai manghkang ni hpe tara jeyang ai lam ni a matu tsep kawp galaw sa wa ai lam rai nga ai.
Metallographic sawk sagawn ai lam: Lab hta "hpang jahtum dawdan ai lam"
- Ladat:Ndai gaw, hkrak dik htum ai shang wa ai lam hpe lu la na matu, classic ladat rai nga ai.
- Sample hkyen lajang ai lam:Spot weld kaw na cross-section langai hpe gang je kau nna, resin hta jung da nhtawm, shingran- zawn re ai hkrang hpe lu la ai aten du hkra, shinggrup ai hte shinggrup ai lahkam ni hpe hkan galaw ai.
- Tsi hte htu ai:Dai n-gup magap hpe n-gun n rawng ai chemical etchant (steel a matu Nital solution zawn) hte galaw da ai. Ndai ladat gaw, n bung ai n-gun hte n-gun n rawng ai nugget hte n-gun n rawng ai kanu kawa arai ni a microstructure hpe gasat ai majaw, nugget a lamu ga jarit hpe asan sha mu lu ai.
- Microscope hte shadawn ai:Shadawn shadang software hte hpaw da ai metallurgical microscope npu hta, sawk sagawn ai wa gaw, nlung npan a n-gun, n-gun n-gun, ahkyak dik htum gaw, n-gun n-gun hpe hkrak tup shadawn lu ai.weld nugget shang wa ai.
- Madung manu:Metallographic sawk sagawn ai lam gaw, weld shang ai lam hpe lachyum shaleng nna shadawn na matu "ja masat masa" rai nga ai. Ultrasound zawn re ai NDT system yawng kaw na data ni hpe hpang jahtum e metallographic mahtai ni hte bai matut mahkai nna, shanhte a tengman ai lam hpe jep chyoi ra ai.
Mechanical N-gun Chyam dinglik ai lam: Asan sha, hkrak hkrak "N-gun Chyam dinglik ai lam".
- Ladat:Ndai hta weld hpe n-gun jaw nna shi a lit-hkap la lu ai atsam hpe hkrak jep joi ai lam lawm ai. Grau nna lang ai ladat ni gaw lap-shear chyam dinglik ai hte cross-tension (sh) peel chyam dinglik ai ladat ni rai nga ai.
- Mahtai ni hpe lachyum shapraw ai:Hten za ai masa gaw ahkyak ai lam rai nga ai. Weld gaw base sheet langai kaw na "button" langai hpe shaw la ai rai yang (button pull ngu shamying ai), dai gaw dai nugget gaw kaba nna ngang kang ai hpe hkrak sakse madun ai re. Dai hte maren, n-gup magap lapran na n-gup magap (interfacial fracture) hta n-gun kya ai weld byin wa ai rai yang, dai gaw n-gun kya ai weld hpe madun ai, dai gaw n-gun n-rawng ai nugget size hte shang wa ai lam n-nga ai majaw rai na re.
- Data matut mahkai lam:Ndai zawn re ai chyam dinglik ai lam gaw, weld shang wa ai lam hte n-gun atsam lapran hta direct physical link hpe jaw ya ai. Ga shadawn, ra sharawng ai shear n-gun hpe lu la na matu 4√t (dai kaw 't' gaw sheet langai a galu kaba ai) nugget diameter ra ai ngu ai hpe hpaga lam hta hkap la ai lam law law nga ai.
In-Process hpe yu reng ai lam - "Tau hkrau sadi jaw ai ladat"
Dai ni na aten na "smart" ninghkap welder ni gaw, hpawng de da ai bungli hpe yu reng ai ladat ni hpe grau grau lang wa ai. Weld cycle a millisecond laman na hkum hkrang masa ni hpe sawk sagawn ai hku nna, ndai system ni gaw nugget a byin pru wa ai lam hpe tengman ai- aten hta chye na lu nna, proactive quality hpe hkang lu ai.
Dynamic ninghkap ai lam hpe yu reng ai lam
- Gara hku galaw ai:Weld galaw ai aten hta, weld galaw ai shara a wan n-gun gaw tau hkrau tsun da ai dynamic curve hpe hkan nang ai. Ndai "dynamic resistance signature" a hkrang, npawt nhpang, galai shai wa ai n-gun hpe yu maram ai hku nna, dai nugget gaw hkrak hkrak byin pru wa nna rawt jat wa nga ai kun ngu ai hpe n hkrak ai hku jeyang lu na re. N galai shai ai lata masat gaw ngang grin ai ladat a kumla re.
- Mayak mahkak:Ndai ladat gaw bungli galaw ai arai a ntsa na masa (ga shadawn, sau, coatings, oxides) ni hpe grai hkam sha chye ai. Dai hpe kaja hkra jai lang lu na matu, shang wa ai arung arai ni a hkamja lam hte ntsa lam hpe hkyen lajang ai lam hpe grai sadi maja let hkang ra ai.
Hpaga lam a madang hte kaja dik ai lai ladat ni
Shadawn shadang ladat ni hpe chye na ai gaw majan daw mi sha rai nga ai. Tengman ai hte n galai shai ai quality tara jeyang ai lam ni hpe galaw na matu, masat da ai hpaga lam madang ni a kata kaw bungli galaw ra ai.
Ahkyak ai hpaga lam madang ni
- Mawdaw hte seng ai:Ndai hpaga lam gaw AWS D8.1/D8.1M hte ISO 18278-2 zawn re ai madang ni hpe grai hkan sa ai. low-carbon steel a maren mara-n-gun rawng ai sheet lahkawng hta weld shang na matu madung ra kadawn ai lam langai gaw, -sheet langai a n-gun 20% hte 80% lapran rai ra ai. 20% hta npu ai gaw n-gun kya ai matut mahkai lam hpe madun ai, 80% jan gaw grai n-gun ja ai hku n-gun n rawng ai (sh) wan hkru mat ai pyi byin chye ai majaw, dai arai a dinghpring ai lam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai.
- Wanleng hte wanleng lam:EN 15085 series of standards gaw, dai daw a shimlam garan ginhka ai madang (CL1 kaw nna CL4) hpe madung tawn nna grai n-gun ja ai ra kadawn ai lam ni hpe masat da ya ai.
- Madung galaw shapraw ai lam:JIS Z 3140 zawn re ai madang ni hpe hkan sa mai ai. Kalang lang n-gun n ja ai raitim, shanhte gaw nugget size a matu asan sha ra kadawn ai minimum ra kadawn ai lam ni hpe naw jaw ma ai.
Tengman ai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu tatut jai lang mai ai hpaji jaw ga
- Arung arai ni hte madang masat masa galaw ai lam:Hkrum zup ai lam hpe yu reng ai welder ni hpe ahkyak shatai nna galaw u. Shadawn shadang arung arai yawng (calipers, Microscopes, UT units) hpe hkan tam mai ai masat masa hte ayan shadawn shadang tawn da ai hpe sadi ra ai. Hten za ai chyam dinglik ai lam a matu, etching aten hte polishing ladat zawn re ai galai shai ai lam ni hpe madang masat da na matu Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) hpe galaw u.
- Data-Madung dawdan ai lam ni:Shanhte hte seng ai weld parameters (ya aten, aten, n-gun) ni hte rau shadawn shadang mahtai ni hpe hkrang shapraw ka na matu, ginjaw quality database langai hpe hpaw na. Statistical Process Control (SPC) charts ni hpe lang nna, galaw sa wa ai lam hpe yu reng na matu hte parameter galai shai ai lam hte quality galai shai ai lam lapran na matut mahkai lam ni hpe chye na lu na matu, matut manoi rawt jat galu kaba wa na matu manu n dan ai shiga ni hpe jaw ya lu na re.
Daw dan lam
Weld nugget shang wa ai hpe hkrak shadawn lu ai gaw kam mai ai ninghkap weld galaw ai a npawt nhpang rai nga ai. Awng dang ai quality hpe hkang zing ai ladat gaw, "magic bullet" hpaji masa langai hpe sha n kam sham ai sha, lawan ai NDT (ultrasound zawn re ai), hkrak tup jahten sharun ai chyam dinglik ai lam (metallography zawn re ai), hte tengman ai- aten hta galaw sa wa ai lam hpe yu reng ai lam ni hpe hpaji rawng ai hku hpawng de ai lam ni hpe madung tawn ai.
Hpaga lam a madang ni hpe hkan sa nna, hkrang shapraw ai hku nna, shiga ni hpe hparan ai lam hpe galaw ai hku nna, galaw shapraw ai ni gaw, n-gun n rawng ai arung arai ni hpe n-gun jaw lu ai, n-gun n rawng ai arung arai ni hpe shayawm lu ai, dai ni na hpaga lam a ra kadawn ai lam ni hpe kam hpa myit hte hkan sa lu ai, hpang jahtum e, shingjawng ai lam hta ahkyak ai atsam hpe lu la mai ai.
